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INTRODUCTION
Horticultural Supply Chains
Who is the Guide written for?
How to use this Guide
How was the Guide developed?
What do we hope to achieve?
Using the CD-ROM
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Sending your Comments and Feedback by Mail
File Downloads
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ELEMENTS FOR SUCCESSFUL BUSINESS
MARKET REQUIREMENTS
BALANCING SMALLHOLDER STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES
Smallholder Strengths and Weaknesses
Smallholders' Most Common Weaknesses
SUSTAINABILITY - ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC
Key Environmental Issues
Key Social Issues
Key Economic Issues
Other Socio-Economic Issues
Partnerships, Trust and Responsibility
Compliance with Codes of Practice
Codes of Practice
Good Practice in Implementing a Code of Practice
Key Features of Codes of Practice
PROFITABILITY OF SCHEMES
Investment
Access to Investment
Key Questions on Availability and Cost of Investment
Financial Risk
Key Questions on Financial Risk Assessment and Management
Added Value
Case Study: Export of Vegetables from Zimbabwe and Kenya
Profit Calculation
Profit Distribution
MARKET LINKAGES
WHY BUYER-SELLER LINKAGES ARE NEEDED
Buyer's Viewpoint
IDENTIFYING MARKET OPPORTUNITIES
Key Questions on demand for raw material
Key Questions on demand for end product
Identifying New Markets
SELECTING SUITABLE ENTERPRISES
SELECTING SUITABLE ENTERPRISES
Key Questions on Suitability of Crops for Smallholder Production
Considerations
Considerations
Considerations
Considerations
Considerations
Considerations
Considerations
Selection of a Suitable Crop
Selection of an Unsuitable Crop
SELECTING SUITABLE LOCATIONS
Key Questions on Suitability of Locations for Smallholder Production
An example of an Unsuitable Location Choice
An example of a Suitable Location Choice
SELECTING LINKAGE PARTNERS
Key Questions on Partner Qualities : Smallholders
Key Questions on Partner Qualities : the Exporting Company
Key Questions on Partner Qualities : the Intermediary
SPECIFYING THE PARTNERS' ROLES
Roles & Responsibilities of Smallholders in Market Linkages
Roles & Responsibilities of Companies in Market Linkages
Roles & Responsibilities of Intermediaries in Market Linkages
Inappropriate Assumption of Roles
Case Study
Case Study
Participatory Consultation Techniques
FORMING AND MANAGING PRODUCER GROUPS
Key Questions and Considerations on Group Objectives
Key Questions and Considerations on Group Formation
Key Questions and Considerations on group leadership and management
Key Questions and Considerations on group finance
Key Questions and Considerations on Group Advisory Sources
DESIGNING BUYER-SELLER CONTRACTS
Guide to the Preparation of Smallholder Contracts
Sample Farmer to Company Contract for the Cultivation of Green Beans
DESIGNING PRODUCT PRICING SYSTEMS
Essential Elements of a Raw Material Pricing System
Desirable Elements of a Raw Material Pricing System
Optional Elements of a Raw Material Pricing System
Sample Price Formula for Smallholder Green Bean Production
PERFORMANCE MONITORING AND RECORDING
Records to be kept by Smallholders, Intermediary and Purchasing Company
Monitoring and Record-keeping Format for Smallholder Cultivation of a transplanted Vegetable Crop
NON-QUANTIFIABLE OUTCOMES
ALTERNATIVE LINKAGE MODELS
PROVIDING SERVICES TO SMALLHOLDERS
WHICH SERVICES ARE NEEDED?
CREDIT - HOW CAN IT BEST BE PROVIDED?
Sources of Credit
Screening and Selection of Borrowers
The Cotton Company of Zimbabwe
Screening Considerations
Lower transaction costs
Repayment Considerations
Creating incentives for repayment
Uganda Vanilla Growers Association
British American Tobacco, (BAT) Uganda
Enforcing repayment
RESEARCH, TRAINING AND EXTENSION-HOW CAN THEY BEST BE PROVIDED?
Research, Training and Extension Methods
Research Considerations
Training Considerations
Extension Considerations
Gearing research towards sustainability in smallholder systems
Redefining roles in sustainable agricultural service provision
AGRO-CHEMICALS, FERTILIZERS AND SEEDS-HOW BEST CAN THEY BE PROVIDED?
Affordability
Availability
Zimbabwe's experience with intensively managed outgrower schemes
Agribusiness Entrepreneur Network and Training Development Programme (Agent)
Access to Information
Uncertainty and risk
The commercial context
CROP STORAGE, PURCHASING, AND TRANSPORTATION-HOW CAN THEY BEST BE PROVIDED?
Minimum Requirements for Storage, Purchasing and Transport
MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF SERVICE PROVISION
What Smallholders need from Seed Suppliers
AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICES
LAND SELECTION
Key Questions on Land Selection
Considerations on Cultivation Methods
Considerations on Erosion Control
Considerations on Irrigation
Considerations on Flood Control
Considerations on Soil Fertility
Considerations on Pests and Diseases
CROP SELECTION
SEED SELECTION
Choice of Seed Variety
Seed Quality
Seed and Seedling Distribution
Payment for Seed
Seed Production and Supply Websites
GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE (GAP)
Integrated Crop Management (ICM)
Key Components and Objectives of Integrated Crop Management
Fertilizer Use
Key Questions on Fertilizer Use
Fertilizer type
Fertilizer quantity
Application method
Application Timing
Fertilizer Websites
Irrigation Management
Key Questions on Irrigation Management
Water quantity
Water quality
Water Application
Drainage Method
Water Charges
Irrigation Management
Irrigation Management Websites
Weed Control
Key Questions on Weed Control in Horticultural Production
Minimizing Infestation
Controlling Established Weeds
Pest and Disease Control
Safe Use of Agrochemicals
Pest and Disease Control Websites
Crop Harvesting and Handling
Timing of Harvesting
Sorting and Packing
Adding value
Crop collection
Payment Procedures
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Site Selection Guidelines
Varietal Selection Guidelines
Soil, Water and Crop Management Guidelines
Air Quality Management Guidelines
Environmental Protection Guidelines
QUALITY ASSURANCE AND HUMAN HEALTH AND SAFETY
INTRODUCTION
POTENTIAL FOOD HAZARDS
Biological, Chemical and Physical Hazards
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point
Hazard Analysis: Procedures
Critical Control Points: Procedures
Critical Limits: Procedures
Monitoring System: Procedures
Corrective Action: Procedures
Verification: Procedures
Documentation: Procedures
Hazards to be managed by Good Agricultural Practice (GAP)
Contaminated Soils: Procedures
Multiple land use: Procedures
Contamination via fertilizer: Procedures
Contamination via irrigation water: Procedures
Contamination via pesticide: Procedures
Contamination via spray application water: Procedures
Contamination via packing material: Procedures
Contamination during Harvesting: Procedures
Deterioration during Transport to Pack-house
QUALITY ASSURANCE SYSTEMS
SUPERMARKET QUALITY REQUIREMENTS
Preparing and Agreeing Crop Specifications
Minimum Quality Requirements
SUPERMARKET QUALITY REQUIREMENTS
Health and Safety Measures
Handling and Use of Chemicals (Pesticides/Fertilizers)
First Aid
TRAINING
RECORD KEEPING
Pesticide use and application record
Field operations and costs record
Training Record
Product Quality Control Report
Key Questions when developing an Auditing Technique
USEFUL WEBSITES
CURRENT AND FUTURE TRENDS
CONSUMER DEMANDS
The Expanding Market for Organic Produce
Food Safety Concerns-You Are What You Eat
Consumers are Wary of Genetically Modified (GM) Foods
Consumers want Healthy and Convenient Foods
Some Consumers have Ethical Concerns
Niche Market Opportunities
Integrated Tourism Development Project, Zanzibar
SUPERMARKET BUYING PRACTICES
Increasing Specialization the Norm
Ethical and Environmental Responsibility is increasingly important
CHANGES IN AGRICULTURAL SERVICE INDUSTRIES
The Concentration of Seed and Chemical Supply
Reaping the Returns on Intellectual and Genetic Property
INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATION: RAISING THE BARRIERS TO MARKET ENTRY
MRL Harmonization Programme
Pesticide Approvals Review Programme
ACP Pesticides Initiative
Implications of this EU legislation
Meeting the Exacting Requirements of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures
FURTHER INFORMATION ON MRLS AND QUALITY STANDARDS
Natural Resources Institute 2003